SCORING.
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A. DUPLICATE FINAL CONTRACT VALUATION (FCV), aka, THE RAW SCORING.
     A PROPOSED FINAL CONTRACT is one that is considered up to, but not included in, the end of the bidding stage.
     A STIPULATED FINAL CONTRACT is one that is actually arrived at as a result of the end of the bidding.
     A PLAYED-OUT FINAL CONTRACT is one that has been bid & played , but not necessarily made.
     All final contracts (proposed, stipulated, &/or played-out) have a FINAL CONTRACT VALUE , FCV.
     The only one that really counts in the end is the FCV of a played-out contract, because it is the one that is recorded in the scoring.
     The FCV of a successfuly played hand is computed as the WINNING SCORE which equals the EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE (EBTS)
     plus any BONUSES. But failure to make a contract results in negative PENALTIES.
     The overall formula might be expressed as FCV = WINNING SCORE - PENALTIES = EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE (EBTS) + BONUSES - PENALTIES.

     1. SCORING A SUCCESSFUL CONTRACT.
         It should be noted that if the contract is made, then the PENALTIES will be 0 & a positive raw score will be computed for declarer.
         To make the contract, the declarer must take at least the number of tricks as specified in the contract BID LEVEL (BL).
         These are called BID TRICKS (BT).
         The EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE (EBTS) is computed to be the BID TRICK SCORE (BTS) multiplied by
         any ODDS FACTOR(ODDS) which is 1, 2, OR 4 depending upon whether or not the defensive
         opponent's DOUBLED the contract and whether or not the declaring pair REDOUBLED.
         The BID TRICK SCORE (BTS) is computed to be the BID TRICKS(BT) multiplied by contract suit's TRICK VALUE.
         The TRICK VALUE for contracts with clubs and diamonds as trump is 20 points.
         For hearts and spades, the TRICK VALUE is 30 points.
         For no-trump contracts the TRICK VALUE is 30 points per trick, except for the 1st trick which is worth 40 points.

         Declarer may take more than the required number of BID TRICKS.
         The excess are called OVERTRICKS (OT) which are not included in determining the EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE (EBTS).
         Instead, these OVERTRICKS are used to compute a BONUS which we call the OVERTRICK BONUS SCORE (OTBS).
         If the contract is not doubled or redoubled, then the OTBS is computed in the same mmanner as the BID TRICK SCORE (BTS),
         only it is the number of OVERTRICKS (not the number of BID-TRICKS) that is multiplied by the TRICK VALUE.
         If the contract is doubled, then the value of each OVERTRICK is 100 points if not vulnerable or 200 points if vulnerable.
         If the contract is redoubled, then the value of each OVERTRICK is 200 points if not vulnerable or 400 points if vulnerable.
         It should be obvious that a great way to make a big score is to make a lot of overtricks in a doubled or redoubled contract.

         In addition to the bonus for overtricks, there are OTHER BONUSES that may apply.
         ZONE BONUS SCORES (ZBS) are added for bidding & making a final contract within a specific bid level ZONE.
         The zones are defined as:
         PARTIAL ZONE = any bid less than 4D not including 3NT.
         GAME ZONE = 3NT or any bid above 4D.
         SLAM ZONE = a bid above 5NT.
         50 points are awarded for bidding and making a partial contract.
         300 points are awarded for bidding and making a non-vulnerable game contract.
         500 points are awarded for bidding and making a vulnerable game contract.
         500 points are awarded for bidding and making a non-vulnerable small slam contract in addition to the 300 point game bonus.
         1000 points are awarded for bidding and making a vulnerable small slam contract in addition to the 500 point game bonus.
         750 points are awarded for bidding and making a non-vulnerable grand slam contract in addition to the 300 point game bonus.
         1500 points are awarded for bidding and making a vulnerable grand slam contract in addition to the 500 point game bonus.

         The last type of bonus that may be added into the WINNING SCORE arises from the opponents' insult by doubling.
         This is a 50 point INSULT BONUS SCORE (IBS).

     2. SCORING A FAILED CONTRACT.
         If the contract is not made, then the WINNING SCORE (EBTS + BONUSES) will be 0.
         Instead, there will be PENALTIES arising from UNDERTRICK PENALTIES (UTPS) which are applied resulting in a negative score.
         The UNDERTRICKS (UT) are computed to be the BID LEVEL (BL) - the TRICKS ACTUALLY TAKEN + BOOK (6).
         Thus the UNDERTRICKS are the number of tricks which declarer should have taken over and above what he actually took.
         The resulting UNDERTRICK PENALTY SCORE (UTPS) depends upon the vulnerability and whether or not the contract was doubled or redoubled.
         For a non-vulnerable/undoubled contract, each undertrick is worth 50 points to the defending opponents.
         For a vulnerable/undoubled contract, each undertrick is worth 100 points to the defending opponents.
         For a non-vulnerable/doubled contract, the 1st undertrick begins at 100 points and to which is added by 200 points for the 2nd and 3rd undertricks.
         After the 3rd undertrick, the bonus increases by 300 points for each additional undertrick.
         For a vulnerable/doubled contract, the 1st undertrick begins at 200 points and to which is added by 300 points for each additional undertricks
         Finally, if the contract is redoubled, then the previously computed doubled penalties are doubled again.

     3. SUMMARY FORMULA.

                                                   _______________________________________
        FINAL                                 | EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE (EBTS)         |
        CONTRACT                         |_______________________________________|
         VALUE                       =      | BID-TRICK        x         ODDS                        |     +        ANY              -              ANY
             |                                      | SCORE                       FACTOR                    |            BONUSES                       PENALTIES
             v                                     |      v                                  v                         |                  v                                   v
         (FCV)                         =       | (BTS)                x          (ODDS)                    |     +   ( OTBS + ZBS + IBS)    -    (UTPS)
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            /\                                   /\
                                                            |                                     |                                                                     Where UTPS = UNDERTRICK PENALTY
                                                   Where BTS =                          |                                   Where                                                  SCORE
                                                   BASIIC-TRICK-RATE (BTR) X   |                                   OTBS = OVERTRICK BONUS SCORE
                                                   BID-TRICKS (BT)                      |                                     ZBS = ZONE BONUS SCORE
                                                                                                  |                                     IBS = INSULT BONUS SCORE = 50 if doubled.
                                                                                 __________|__________
                                                                                 |                                   |
                                                                         DOUBLED = x 2          REDOUBLED = x 4
                                                                            

     4. The Highest Scores Possible                                                                     Points (refer to reference table of scores)

         a. If defense sets the offense down 13, doubled, redoubled, & vul          = -7600
                                                                   6, doubled, redoubled, & vul          = -3400
                                                                  11, doubled, & vul                           = -3200 <---- PENALTIES FOR BEING A BID HOG
                                                                    7, doubled, redoubled, & not vul   = -3400
                                                                  12, doubled, & not vul                      = -3200

         b. If offense takes all 13 tricks in 1NT, doubled, redoubled, & vul              = 3160
                              makes a 7NT, doubled, redoubled, & vull                             = 2980
                              takes all 13 tricks in 3NT, doubled, reoubled, & vul               = 2600         
                              takes all 13 in 6NT, doubled, redoubled, & vul                      = 2510

     5. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PASSED HAND SCORING & AVERAGING.
         a. A passed hand results in a score of zero, which may be good or bad or in the middle when it comes to match pointing.
         b. An average hand is averaged out with respect to match pointing, yielding a middle board.

     6. HOW IS THE END OF THE MATCH SCORED (DETERMINATION OF THE WINNERS)
         a. For single pair competition, SIMPLE MATCH POINTING is used. ( 10,9,8.. ranking of competing NS\92s. Compliments for EW\92s)
             For each board, the raw scores of each NS pair are compared and ranked (match pointed) according to how many NS pairs there are.
             The EW ranking (match points awarded) on each board is the compliment of the NS pair they played.
             The match points are then added up for each partnership & for all boards & the totals determine the winners.
         b. For team competition, INTERNATIONAL MATCH POINTING (IMPS) is used. (refer to IMP table)

B. RUBBER BRIDGE SCORING.
     Rubber Bridge is basically scored the same as Duplicate except for the manner in which BONUSES are recorded & how much
     of a ZONE BONUS SCORE is awarded.
     All BONUSES are recorded "ABOVE THE LINE" & kept separate from the EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORE which is recorded "BELOW THE LINE".
     Unlike Duplicate where you must either make a game in just one hand or not at all,
     The EXTENDED BID TRICK SCORES are allowed to accumulate until a total of 100 points is achieved which is considered to be game.
     Once a game is achieved, another line is drawn and any partial scores the opponents may have had are not allowed to count toward game
     in the next hands to be played toward achieving another game. Once 2 games have been achieved, the RUBBER is completed &
     ZONE BONUS POINTS are awarded in addition to summing up the two opponents separate scores.
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